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The Evolution Site

The theory of evolution through natural selection is the unifying force of modern biology. It ties together disciplines that are as diverse as genetics microbiology, and the study of palaeontology.

The study of evolution may be controversial and the misinformation that comes from it can lead to confusion about the fundamentals of evolution. This site explains the fundamental concepts.

What is Evolution?

The current understanding of evolution focuses on the gradual and cumulative changes that happen within populations over time. These changes are the result of natural selection, a process that increases the amount of organisms that possess beneficial traits that help them survive and reproduce in a specific environment. These organisms produce more offspring because of the positive characteristics. This leads to a genetic change that can eventually lead to the development of new species.

The term "evolution" is often associated with the notion of "survival of the fittest" which implies that individuals who are best adapted to a particular set of environmental conditions will have an advantage over those who aren't adapted to the environment. This is just one of many ways that evolution can happen.

Another popular way to use the word evolution is to suggest that a species are able to move from one stage to the next. This view of evolution can be referred to as anagenetic, or cladogenesis. The scientific definition of evolution does not support this view. Instead the scientific theory of evolution focuses on changes that happen in populations over time and these changes are caused by mutations that produce genomic variation and natural selection.

Charles Darwin was one of the scientists who supported this view. Others, notably Alfred Russel Wallace, who developed the theory of macroevolution, believed that this was the only way that the higher forms of life could be derived from lower forms.

A concept must be able stand up to rigorous tests and evidence to be considered as a theory. Evolution has stood the test of time, and has been proven to be valid in countless scientific disciplines from geology to biology from astronomy to chemistry. Evolution is a cornerstone of science and is supported by a majority of scientists across the globe. Many people have misconceptions regarding the nature of evolution theory particularly how it is connected to religion.

What is the Theory of Evolution (Evolutionary Theory)?

Evolution is a scientific explanation of how living things change with time. It relies on a number of well-established and observable facts: that more offspring are produced than could possibly survive; that individuals differ from each other in their physical characteristics (phenotype) and that distinct traits confer varying rates of reproduction and survival and can be passed down to future generations. These observations are backed up by a growing amount of evidence drawn from molecular biology, palaeontology and climatology functional geology and morphology.

The theory of evolution through natural selection was initially conceived by Charles Darwin and Alfred Russel Wallace in the late 19th century as an explanation for how organisms adapt to their physical and biological environments. It is now the best-supported and most extensively tested theory in the field of science. Its predictions were confirmed by the fact that, for instance, more complex organisms have less genetic mutations. The more successful an organism gets in terms of survival and reproducing, the more likely it will transfer its genes to the next generation.

Some people are against evolution because they think it implies that there is no purpose to life. However, many scientists who are also religious believers, such as the prominent Cambridge Palaeontologist Simon Conway Morris, believe that evolution is not just compatible with belief in God but also enhances it (BioLogos 2014).

In reality, a large number of highly skilled evolutionary biologists, some of who are respected evangelical Christian leaders, have been involved in the development and testing of the theory of evolution. Many of these researchers have contributed to the understanding of a broad variety of phenomena, including phylogenetics and genomics and evolutionkr.Kr the formation and function of fossils.

The word "theory" is sometimes used incorrectly to mean an assumption or speculation however it actually is a scientific hypothesis that has been rigorously developed and tested over time. Scientists test their theories by repeating the experiment or observations that resulted in them. The theory of evolution has been repeatedly proven out, as have the related theories of Copernican, germ and atomic theory.

What is the Process of Evolution?

The process of evolution is the gradual shift over time in the percentage of genetically distinct individuals within a specific species. This change is a result of the natural selection of individuals who are better adapted to their environment. The people who are more adaptable have better chances of reproduction and survival. As more of these people survive and reproduce their genes become more common within the population. This is sometimes referred to as "survival for the strongest."

According to the theory of evolution, the mutations that produce genomic variation are the raw basis for evolutionary change. These mutations may occur at random, or under the influence of the environment. When mutations occur randomly and the frequencies of alleles may vary from generation to generation. When a mutation is beneficial, it will increase the frequency of the allele, which causes it to spread across the population.

As time passes, these changes in allele frequencies can lead to the formation of new species. The new species could develop further and evolve into newer forms. This process is called macroevolution. The creation of a new species is usually caused by changes in the environment which allow certain kinds of resources to become available or create new environmental problems. For instance, the rise of finches in the Galapagos Islands is a result of the availability of various food sources and the need defend themselves from predators.

In a broader sense, evolution is defined as any change that occurs in the nature of organisms over time. The change could be minor or even the creation of a new coloration, or large, such as the creation of a new organ.

Scientists who accept the theory of evolution generally agree on the importance of genetic change in generating evolution. They also agree that the process of evolution happens over a lengthy period of time, often millions of years. However, they differ on the role of various factors that speed up or slow down the process, including the impact of environmental pressures, sexual selection and mutation bias. Despite these disagreements, most scientists still believe that evolution is real and the evidence in support of this is overwhelming.

What evidence can be found for evolution?

In the decades since Darwin's time, scientists have gathered evidence that supports Darwin's theory of evolution. A portion of this evidence comes from fossils which show the changing characteristics of organisms through time. Similarities between living and non-living organisms as well as embryology, biogeography, and genetics are also evidence.

The evolutionary tree is the most effective method to prove the existence of evolution. It demonstrates how species are closely related. Homologous structures are another evidence. They have a similar structure but serve different purposes in different species, such as the wing of a bird or bat. Evolution is evident in that different species adapt and develop to similar environments. For instance, arctic foxes and ptarmigans have white fur coats that blend in with snow and ice. This is a kind of convergent evolutionary mechanism, which suggests that the species have shared ancestors.

Another evidence point is the existence of vestigial structures. These are unusable parts of an organism which could have served a purpose in the distant ancestors. For instance the human appendix may be an oblique reminder of an organ that served to digest food. Natural selection causes the structures to shrink when they cease to be used.

Scientists have also gathered other evidence of evolution through observation and experimentation. The evidence for evolution can be divided into six distinct categories: directly observed changes at small scales, biogeographic distributions, comparative anatomy fossil records, genetics. Each of these provides compelling evidence that evolution of life took place.

Many people are misinformed about the theory of evolution. However, it is a fact. It is not a theory, but a powerful collection founded on years of observation. Scientists continue to gather and analyze new data to better understand the arc of Earth's existence regardless of whether or not people believe in the theory of evolution or not. This information will help scientists to understand how to avoid future global catastrophes and also how to make the most of the resources of our planet. It will also enable us to better serve the needs of people living on this planet.